political organisation of the acholi

The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. The cookie is used by cdn services like CloudFare to identify individual clients behind a shared IP address and apply security settings on a per-client basis. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Behrend, Heike (1991). . Encyclopedia of World Cultures. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. Political Organization. When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. more. (p. 34). state, political organization of society, or the body politic, or, more narrowly, the institutions of government. LRA, after losing support from the local population, also turned on the people of northern In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Acholi officers now expected Obote to appoint an Acholi to replace Oyite Ojok. Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. . In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi, "Acholi This term then Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. More Encyclopedia of World Cultures. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. administration within the region and the district headquarters were erected in the area of the "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. London: James Currey. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. Our interactive map highlights countries most at risk of genocide and mass killing. Movement. The political ramifications for Uganda, however, were severe. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". The others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. The Tonga occupy much of Southern Province in Zambia (formerly No, ETHNONYMS: Batswana, Bechuana (colonial appellation) Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. ." (UNHCR, 2012). In addition to these six languages, some authors also classify Labwor (Ladefoged, The Population Geography of Acholi District. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of This made the chiefs more independent from window.__mirage2 = {petok:"igNXChGgDPbig_bsHwJgxoRb9NTulTcrPPRjDe2iFNY-86400-0"}; Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. At its peak in 2005 over Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. 61). sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. find its conclusion until the 19th century. Encyclopedia.com. [16] In addition, the people have important rituals for cleansing homes and sites, to welcome back people who have been away a long time, to clear spirits from places where killings have occurred, and to welcome people who have been captive. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration [23][24], The attempt to pacify the Northern Uganda was carried out recklessly with much brutality and unprofessionalism from the NRA soldiers and government. Ironworking, mainly but not entirely confined to certain lineages, appears to be almost as ancient as agriculture, going back perhaps to the first millennium b.c. Religion of the Central Luo. That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. Conflict. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Death and Afterlife. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything . Political Organization. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Pottery and basket making were widespread and relatively nonspecialized arts, carried out by both men and women. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Langlands, B. W. (1971). 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Okeny, Kenneth (1982). Women also provide major labor in the fields, as well as being responsible for most child rearing and all cooking and other food-preparation tasks. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . (1976). The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. (February 23, 2023). It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his Okot p'Bitek (1963). Identification. second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. When conflict did occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few deaths. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. ETHNONYMS: Ebantfu ba kwa Ngwane (the people of Ngwane), emaSwati, emaSwazi, Swati Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. . It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Colonial rule brought the penetration of a money economy into Acholi, along with the establishment of numerous rural and small-town trading centers and the two major urban centers of Gulu and Kitgum, where a range of local and imported goods are available. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack B.A. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Trade. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. Industrial Arts. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. southern parts of the country. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Following the Political Organization. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. Apoko, Anna (1967). They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Politics has been around for millennia. The Acholi region and language 51. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. (1936). Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. Relatively small numbers of Acholi have filled middle-level or senior civil-service positions in independent Uganda. Conflict. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. As some of these languages show some form During the later nineteenth century, the emergent Acholi became involved in the international trade in ivory and slaves, which were exchanged mainly for cattle, beads, blankets, cotton cloth, and firearms. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The Song of Lawino, one of the most successful African literary works, was written by Okot p'Bitek, published in 1966 in Acholi, and later translated to English. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 The earliest modern African political organization in Kenya Colony sought to protest pro-settler policies, and increased taxes on Africans and the despised Kipande (Identifying metal band worn around the neck). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. This disorder in Acholi contrasts sharply with the solid organisation of Buganda, which always has a centralized, well-thought out and weighted responses to critical issues such as land and political contention that affect the kingdom. Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Land Tenure. et al., 1972; Heine & Knig, 2010) and Chopi (Storch, 2005) as individual languages, instead The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. ." Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. The term is derived from "Shuuli," first used by nineteenth-century ivory and slave traders who noted the similarity of Acholi Luo to the language of the previously encountered Shilluk or "Collo" of the southern Sudan (Crazzolara 1938, vii-viii). In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. According to the Orientation Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. He overthrew Obote's government and established a dictatorship, ultimately suppressing and killing 300,000 people, including many Acholi. Religious Practitioners. to the land by Kuturia caused a lot of death in the sub-region of Acholi. (p. 34). 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . The relationship between the Acholi and the British had for a long time been rather loose and Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. (1991). Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. In most chiefdoms, only members of designated lineages could make or repair royal drums. They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. be possessed by a spirit named Lakwena, the so-called Holy Spirit Movement fought a rebellion During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The building of houses and granaries has historically involved both men and women, with each performing specified functions. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Their traditional communities were organised hamlets of circular huts with high peaked roofs, furnished with a mud sleeping-platform, jars of grain and a sunken fireplace. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. Changing Uganda: The Dilemmas of Structural Adjustment and Revolutionary Change. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. All procedures are conducted with care, to attempt to ensure that the spirit of the departed does not become angry. This cookies is set by Youtube and is used to track the views of embedded videos. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0.

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