the eigenvalues of signed graph Σ. The hierarchical product of two graphs represents a natural way to build a larger graph out of two smaller graphs with less regular and therefore more heterogeneous structure than the Cartesian product. Given that λ 1, …, λ n and μ 1, … μ m are the eigenvalues of the Laplacians of G and H respectively, it is well known that the eigenvalues of the carteisan product of G and H are. Graph products 2.4.1. In 1978, I. Gutman introduced the concept of energy of a graph [4], the energy of Gis defined as E(G) = ... 3 and the cartesian product graph K 2 C 3 with V(K 2 C 3) = fw 1;w 2;w 3;w 4;w 5;w 6g:and A(K 2 C 3) be its adjacency matrix. f198 GHORBANI, SEYED-HADI AND NOWROOZI-LARKI By a circulant matrix, we mean a square n×n matrix whose rows are a cyclic permutation of the first row. In this paper an efficient algorithm is presented for identifying the generators of regular graph models G formed by Cartesian graph products. Filomat 9, 449–472 (1995) MathSciNet MATH Google Scholar Dowling Jr, M.C. It can be shown that matrix L is a positive semi‐definite matrix with 10 and 2.4. (1) The complete p -partite graph K p × a ( p > 1, a > 1) has clique number p and eigenvalues ( p − 1) a, 0, − a, where the multiplicity of 0 is p ( a − 1). The energy of K p × a is 2 ( p − 1) a. (2020) by means of different constructions. 05C50. eorem . Fig. The word Cartesian product is made of two words, i.e., Cartesian and product. As for A , all the eigenvalues of L are real. Introduction A signed graph ̇ is a pair ( , ), where = ( , ) is a simple unsigned graph, … Algebraic operations on graphs such as Cartesian product, Kronecker product, and direct sum can be used to generate new graphs from parent graphs. The connection between eigenvalues and cuts in graphs has been first discovered by Fiedler. When raising the adjacency matrix to a power the entries count the number of closed walks. We investigate the Laplacian eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the product graphs for the four standard products, namely, the Cartesian product, … Introducing a coupling parameter describing the … Then λ+μ is an eigenvalue with eigenvector α⊗β α⊗β for C. Proof: Since m = 2, Theorem 2.3 implies αm−2 u = βm−2 x =1. 1. Isometric embedding in cartesian products. Recent work has used variations of the hypergraph eigenvalues we describe to obtain results about the maximal cliques in a hypergraph [6], cliques in The analysis shows that Cartesian products provide a method for building infinite families of transmission regular digraphs with few distinct distance eigenvalues. The operation of taking Cartesian products is shown to be an efficient way for constructing new weighted graphs … The hierarchical product of two graphs represents a natural way to build a larger graph out of two smaller graphs with less regular and therefore more heterogeneous structure than the Cartesian product. The total graph is built by joining the graph to its line graph by means of the incidences. Graphs and Eigenvalues Ho man Graphs (Ho man) Graphs with given smallest eigenvalue Limit points On (Ho man) graphs with smallest eigenvalue at ... Now consider the inner product (c x;c y). 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2n is the trace of A2 so is equal to twice the The adjacency The only real eigenvalue is 3, the remaining eigenvalues are equal to ( − 1 ± − 7) / 2, with absolute value 2. The kth eigenvalue of K, is n-1 ifk=O -1 if k f 0, Ak= where the eigenvalue -1 has multiplicity n - 1. In the last section, we construct a … The dispersion relation which controls the onset of the instability depends on a set of discrete wavelengths, the eigenvalues of the aforementioned Laplacians. This can be generalized to Paley tournaments on q vertices, where q ≡ 3 mod 4. I need to calculate the second-largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix. The hierarchical product of two graphs represents a natural way to build a larger graph out of two smaller graphs with less regular and therefore more heterogeneous structure than the Cartesian product. In this chapter, we look at the properties of graphs from our knowledge of their eigenvalues. Let C be the adjacency matrix for the Cartesian product H1 H2. mk , 2010 Mathematics Subject Classification. Denote the eigenvalues of a matrix M of order n by λj (M) for j = 1, 2, . Moreover, in Section 4 we construct a scale free graph with ° = 1 with a small spectrum (only three positive eigenvalues). Cartesian product of two graphs. The sign of a cycle in a signed graph is the product of the signs of its edges. and is the set of all eigenvalues of Gwith their multiplicity. 1 Answer Sorted by: 3 The grid graph is the Cartesian product of two copies of the path P n . For the Cartesian product we characterize balance and compute expressions for the Laplacian eigenvalues and Laplacian energy. We introduce a similar construction for signed graphs. 507 Laplacian eigenvalues. Key words and phrases. It is also well-known [9, Lemma 13.1.3] that if Ghas no multiple … For a regular space structure, the visualization of its graph model as the product of two simple graphs results in a substantial simplification in the solution of the corresponding eigenproblems. 1. . spectrum SpecðGÞ of G is the set of eigenvalues of A G. The graph G is called integral if all of its eigenvalues are integers. We express the adjacency matrix of the product in terms of the Kronecker matrix product and the eigenvalues and energy of the product in terms of those of the factor signed graphs. If i ¤ j are two vertices of a connected graph G, then the number of spanning trees of G equals the absolute value of det.L.ij//.Also, the number of spanning trees ofG equals 2::: n n. We list now some simple properties of the eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a graph. Then the spectrum of S(Gσ) is called the skew-spectrum of Gσ, denoted by SpS(Gσ). Example: Orthogonality. Thus a cycle is positive if and only if it contains an even number of negative edges. This study focuses on signals on a Cartesian product of graphs, which are termed “multi-dimensional graph signals” hereafter. Some graph operations such as the Cartesian product and the strong product may be used to generate new integral graphs from given ones [8]. This estimate is independent of the size of the graph and provides a general method to obtain higher order spectral estimates. A design graph is a regular bipartite graph in which any two distinct vertices of the same part have the same number of common neighbors. An example of a Cartesian product of two factor graphs is displayed in Figure 1. Some classes of Laplacian integral graphs have been identi ed. The D-eigenvalues of the … Let 1; 2;:::; n be eigenvalues of A. Relation • Recall that the Cartesian product of two sets A and B, denoted A × B, is the set of all ordered pairs (a, b) where a , and b ∈ B. : Expander graphs and coding theory. A graph can be considered to be a homogeneous signed graph; thus signed graphs become a generalization of graphs. Then the eigenvalues of A are given by 2 [λχ ]χ (1) , χ ∈ Irr (G), 1 ∑ where λχ = χ (1) s∈S χ (s). For graphs, there are a variety of different kinds of graph products: cartesian product, lexicographic (or ordered) product, tensor product, and strong product are … 119 Product dimension. Let G be a finite connected graph on two or more vertices, and G [N,k] the distance-k graph of the N-fold Cartesian power of G. For a fixed k ≥ 1, we obtain explicitly the large N limit of the spectral distribution (the eigenvalue distribution of the adjacency matrix) of G [N,k].The limit distribution is described in terms of the Hermite polynomials. On the hull sets and hull number of the cartesian product of graphs In this paper, we characterize the extremal graphs attaining the upper bound n − 2 and the second upper bound n − 3. Eigenvalues can be used to find the trace of a matrix raised to a power. In this seminar, we will explore and exploit eigenvalues and eigenvectors of graphs. ... Leslie Hogben, Spectral graph theory and the inverse eigenvalue problem of a graph , The Electronic Journal of Linear Algebra: Vol. GRAPHS AND CARTESIAN PRODUCTS OF COMPLETE GRAPHS BRIAN JACOBSON, ANDREW NIEDERMAIER, AND VICTOR REINER Abstract. a 2k-regular \k-dimensional grid graph," and only a weak expander for k xed and number of vertices large; (3)the Boolean hypercube; (4)more generally, the cartesian product G 1 G 2 of any two graphs in terms of the eigenvalues/vectors of G 1 and G 2; (5)other products; (6)Cayley graphs of abelian groups and (some remarks) about non-abelian groups. As the main result, we use tensor products to prove a relation between the eigenvalues of the cartesian product of graphs and the eigenvalues of the original graphs. Here we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the hierarchical product of two graphs. Given a graph G, let Gσ be an oriented graph of G with the orientation σ and skew-adjacency matrix S(Gσ). Here we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the hierarchical product of two graphs. In mathematics, multipli- ... for Cartesian product graphs. A graph is called prime if it cannot be decomposed into the product of non-trivial graphs, otherwise a graph is referred to as composite. We will study what eigenvalues and eigenvectors tell us about a graph, and see how this information may be used to design and analyze algorithms. In this paper, we focus on the following three fundamental graph products [5]: Cartesian product: Denoted as GjH. Corollary 2.4 Let H1 be a graph and (λ,α) an eigenpair for its adjacency matrix; let H2 be a graph and (μ,β) an eigenpair for its adjacency matrix. the eigenvalues of signed graph Σ. Define graph G Hwhere V(G H) = f(g;h) : g2V(G);h2V(H)g; 504 Strongly regular graphs. Let G × H be the Cartesian Product of G and H. Determine L ( G × H) in terms of L ( G) and L ( H) where L ( G) denotes Laplacian Matrix of G. Also find the eigen values of L ( G × H) in terms of L ( G) and L ( H). The Cartesian product Σ 1 × Σ 2 of two signed graphs Σ 1 = (V 1 , E 1 ,σ 1 ) and Σ 2 = (V 2 , E 2 ,σ 2 ) is a generalization of the Cartesian product of ordinary graphs (see [6, Section 2.5]). The cartesian product affects eigenvalues in a similar way. 1 Introduction Calculating a product of multiple graphs has been studied in several disciplines. The eigenvalue µ of A is said to be a main eigenvalue of G if the eigenspace E(µ) is not orthogonal to the all-1 vector j. We will be primarilyinterested in edge-tenacious graphs, which can be considered very stable and are somewhat analogous in edge tenacityto honest graphs in edge-integrity. 14 Some Applications of Eigenvalues of Graphs 361 Theorem 3 (Matrix-Tree Theorem). This is 2 if x = y, 1 if x ˘y and 0 otherwise. • For example, let B be a set of blouses and S be a set of skirts. Classical graphs can also display a modular or hierarchical structure. The cartesian product of \(2\) non-empty sets \(A\) and \(B\) is the set of all possible ordered pairs where the first component is from \(A\) and the second component is from \(B.\) The eigenvalues of the Laplacian of the Cartesian product of two graphs are the sum of the eigenvalues of the Laplacians of the graphs. Several graph product operators have been proposed and studied in mathematics, which di er from each other regarding how to connect those nodes in the product graph. In [D. Cui, Y. Hou, On the skew spectra of Cartesian products of … If A is a square matrix, the eigenvalues are the scalar values u satisfying Ax = ux, and the eigenvectors are the values of x. Eigenvectors and eigenvalues give a convenient representation of matrices for computing powers of matrices and for solving differential equations. The collection of eigenvalues of Aα(G) A α ( G) together with multiplicities is called the Aα A α -\emph {spectrum} of G G. Let G H G H, G[H] G [ H], G×H G × H and G⊕H G ⊕ H be the Cartesian product, lexicographic product, directed product and strong product of graphs G G and H H, respectively. We start with some basic definitions in graph theory: incidence matrix, eigenvalues and cartesian product. The hypercube has been considered in parallel computers, (Ncube, iPSC/860, TMC CM-2, etc.) Introducing a coupling parameter describing the … Introducing a coupling parameter describing the relative … ... the cartesian product of graphs; the decomposition of vertex set and the directed sum of graphs as binary or k-ary operations. expressed as the graph Cartesian product of smaller sub-graphs, it admits a solution in linear time, thus, allowing to scale up to larger and more practical problems. Their dot product is 2*-1 + 1*2 = 0. The eigenvalues of the adjacency and Laplacian matrices for a regular graph model are easily obtained by the … Here we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the hierarchical product of two graphs. 135 Chapter 7 - Connection and Cycles 138 7.1 - Connectivity and its variants. distribution with a regular graph is a scale free graph without eigenvalue power law distribution. The second largest eigenvalue of a graph (a survey). An eigenvector x is a main eigenvector if x>j 6= 0. The Cartesian product of and , written as , is the graph with vertex set , and two vertices and are adjacent whenever and or and . We now define graphproducts.Denote a generalgraphproductof twosimplegraphs by G H: We define the product in such a way that G H is also simple. Given graphsG 1and G 2with vertexsets V 1and V 2respectively,any productgraphG 1G 2 has as its vertex set the Cartesian product V.G 1/ V.G 2/: For any two vertices .u 1;u 2/; .v 1;v 2/ of G 1G In this paper, we study the edge tenacity of graphs. Key W ords: Signed graph, Cartesian pro duct graph, Line graph, Graph Laplacian, Kirchhoff matrix, Eigenv alues of graphs, Energy of graphs. This estimate is independent of the size of the graph and provides a general method to obtain higher order spectral estimates. Starting with G as a single edge gives G^k as a k-dimensional hypercube. The eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a graph are often referred to as the eigenvalues of the graph and those of the Laplacian matrix as the Laplacian eigenvalues. (This one is di cult). The eigenvalue based methods have proved to be useful also for some other problems, e.g. Suppose G;Hare graphs with no loops. Thus a cycle is positive if and only if it contains an even number of negative edges. Energy of a graph, equienergetic graphs, Cartesian product, generalized composition, equitable partition. A signed graph is said ... [3, 13]. 139 Separating sets. Also, we will explicitly determine the distance eigenvalues of a class of design graphs, and … The critical group of a connected graph is a nite abelian group, ... and hence its eigenvalues are the (multiset) union of the eigenvalues for each Gi. Here we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the hierarchical product of two graphs. ABSTRACT. René Descartes, a French mathematician and philosopher has coined the term Cartesian. is a generalization of the Cartesian product of ordinary graphs (see [6, Section 2.5]). product [14,15], which captures connectivity characteristics that are less regular and therefore more heterogeneous than those found in the Cartesian product. If 1 and 2 are the regular graph of degrees - and , respectively, the eigenvalues of the Kirchho matrix (1) are written as 0= 0 1 1,andthe eigenvalues of the Kirchho matrix (2) are written as 0= F0 F1 F 1, then the number of spanning trees of the Cartesian product of 1 … The hierarchical product of two graphs represents a natural way to build a larger graph out of two smaller graphs with less regular and therefore more heterogeneous structure than the Cartesian product. not to complicate notation, we’ll use the cross product in this case as well. A signed graph is said ... [3, 13]. Then, the kernel matrix could be expressed as follows: K = Ur 1() UT; (5) where r 1() = diag 1 r( i) . Recommended papers. For any eigenvalue of Aand any eigenvalue of B, we would like to show + is an eigenvalue of G H. Patterns can develop on the Cartesian network, if they are supported on at least one of its constitutive sub-graphs. • We sometimes relate an object of one set with an object of another (or possibly the same) set in a variety of ways. If Spec(G) = (Ai,..., Am) and Spec(H) = (py,..., pn), then Spec(GDi/) consists of all mn sums {Ar + ps: 1 < r < m, 1 < s < n}. In this paper, we study the distance eigenvalues of the design graphs. In this paper we obtain the D-spectrum of the cartesian product if two distance regular graphs.The D-spectrum of the lexicographic product G[H] of two graphs G and H when H is regular is also obtained. The eigenvalues of the line signed graphΛ (+G) of G with all positive signs are 2− λ L 1 (+G),...,2− λ L n−c (G) (+G)<2 and eigenvalue 2 with multiplicity m− n+ c (G). Introducing a coupling parameter describing the relative … mare eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of a graph H. Then the eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix of the Cartesian product G H are i+ jfor 1 i nand 1 j m. Proof: Let A(or B) be the adjacency matrix of G(or H) respectively. Then λ+μ is an eigenvalue with eigenvector α⊗β α⊗β for C. Proof: Since m = 2, Theorem 2.3 implies αm−2 u = βm−2 x =1. In this section, we give a new general method for constructing integral graphs using the Kronecker product and commuting sets of matrices with integral eigenvalues. reasonable estimation with percentage errors con ned within a ±10% range for most eigenvalues. 139 ... Eigenvalues and graph parameters. Abstract: The k-fold Cartesian product of a graph G is defined as a graph on k-tuples of vertices, where two tuples are connected if they form an edge in one of the positions and are equal in the rest. It is known that a graph G is bipartite if and only if there is an orientation σ of G such that SpS(Gσ)=iSp(G). Multiplex networks are also obtained under specific prescriptions. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): In this article we examine the adjacency and Laplacian matrices and their eigenvalues and energies of the general product (non-complete extended p-sum, or NEPS) of signed graphs. We note that the same problem was first resolved in Ghorbani et al. with Vizing’s conjecture on the domination number of the Cartesian product of two graphs. One of the best known examples is the hypercube or n-cube, which can be seen as the cartesian (or direct) product of complete graphs on two vertices. The set of eigenvalues (with their multiplicities) of a graph G is the spectrum of its adjacency matrix and it is the spectrum of G and denoted by Sp (G). The same kind of problem has been addressed to the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix. is a generalization of the Cartesian product of ordinary graphs (see [6, Section 2.5]). The sign of a cycle in a signed graph is the product of the signs of its edges. Under two similar defnitions of the line signed graph, we defne the corresponding total signed graph and we show that it is stable under switching. The D-eigenvalues μ 1, μ 2, ..., μ p of a graph G are the eigenvalues of its distance matrix D and form the distance spectrum or the D-spectrum. This is proved using the same eigenvectors vfs as above (see … Among all eigenvalues of the Laplacian of a graph, one of the most popular is the second smallest, called by Fiedler [25], the algebraic connectivity of a graph. The energy of K n 1 × K n 2 is 4 ( n 1 − 1 ) ( n 2 − 1 ) . GRAPHS AND CARTESIAN PRODUCTS OF COMPLETE GRAPHS BRIAN JACOBSON, ANDREW NIEDERMAIER, AND VICTOR REINER Abstract. 2 Eigenvalues of graphs 2.1 Matrices associated with graphs We introduce the adjacency matrix, the Laplacian and the transition matrix of the random walk, and their eigenvalues. Let G be a (flnite, undirected, simple) graph with node set V(G) = f1;:::;ng. In other words, the number of nodes of G, or equivalently the number of layers in the multiplex, can act as a control parameter to instigate, or alternatively dissolve, the Turing instability. We express the adjacency matrix of the product in terms of the Kronecker matrix product and the eigenvalues and … Then we introduce the tensor product of vector spaces. Eigenvalues of Cartesian Products Yiwei Fu 1.6 Eigenvalues of Cartesian Products Definition 1.6.1. . Derive an Alon-Boppana type bound for non-regular graphs? F.Harary and A.J.Schwenk [12]. For two disjoint graphs and , the strong product of them is written as , that is, , and two distinct vertices and are contiguous. In particular, we will examine algorithms for solving linear systems and quantum algorithms. λ i + μ j for i = 1, …, n and j = 1, …, m. Now if the vectors are of unit length, ie if they have been standardized, then the dot product of the vectors is equal to cos θ, and we can reverse calculate θ from the dot product. The operation of taking Cartesian products is shown to be an efficient way for constructing new weighted graphs … The nullity of a graph G, denoted by η (G), is the multiplicity of the eigenvalue zero in its spectrum. In the meantime, there are other important forms of graph products, such as My try: Let | V ( G) | = … Corollary 2.4 Let H1 be a graph and (λ,α) an eigenpair for its adjacency matrix; let H2 be a graph and (μ,β) an eigenpair for its adjacency matrix. We show several results about edge-tenacious graphs as well asfind numerous classes of edge-tenacious graphs.The Cartesian Products … Consider a two-dimensional grid with wrap-around edges (a doughnut-shaped graph). The Cartesian product K n 1 × K n 2 (n 1 ≥ n 2 ≥ 2) has clique number n 1 and eigenvalues n 1 + n 2 − 2, n 1 − 2, n 2 − 2, − 2 (the multiplicity of −2 is (n 1 − 1) (n 2 − 1)). A structural model is called regular if they can be viewed as the direct or strong Cartesian product of some simple graphs known as their generators. Let C be the adjacency matrix for the Cartesian product H1 H2. The main eigenvalues of the connected graphs of Here we study the eigenvalue spectrum of the adjacency matrix of the hierarchical product of two graphs. Chapter 11 contains several results on the eigenvalues of graphs and includes a section on the Ramanujan graphs and another on the energy of graphs. We derive an optimal eigenvalue ratio estimate for finite weighted graphs satisfying the curvature-dimension inequality CD(0,∞) . Interest- ... and is a diagonal matrix with eigenvalues on the diagonal. Cartesian product and the corona product of signed graphs. The union and join operations are defined This class of graphs have a close relationship to strongly regular graphs. including disjoint unions, Cartesian products, k-partite graphs, k-cylinders, a generalization of the hypercube, and complete hypergraphs. 0(a) shows an example of a two-dimensional … 502 Eigenvalues of regular graphs. Let G be a simple graph with vertex set V(G) = {1,2,...,n} and (0,1)-adjacency matrix A. Spectral graph theory Discrepancy Coverings Interlacing An application of the adjacency matrix. The Cartesian product G x H of graphs G and H … Two nodes (g;h)and (g′;h′)are connected in GjHif and only if 129 Exercises. The critical group of a connected graph is a nite abelian group, ... and hence its eigenvalues are the (multiset) union of the eigenvalues for each Gi. a basic text in graph theory, it contains, for the first time, Dirac’s theorem on k-connected graphs (with adequate hints), Harary–Nash–Williams’ theorem on the hamiltonicity of line graphs, Toida–McKee’s characterization of Eulerian graphs, the Tutte matrix of a graph, David Sumner’s result on claw-free graphs, Fournier’s The hierarchical product of two graphs represents a natural way to build a larger graph out of two smaller graphs with less regular and therefore more heterogeneous structure than the Cartesian product. It is also well-known [9, Lemma 13.1.3] that if Ghas no multiple … We derive an optimal eigenvalue ratio estimate for finite weighted graphs satisfying the curvature-dimension inequality CD(0,∞) . PROBLEM Find the eigenvalues of the graph obtains by removing ndisjoint edges from K 2n: 5. Therefore, the entries of L are as: 8 Consider the following eigenproblem: 9 where λ i is the eigenvalue and v i is the corresponding eigenvector. The only non trivial eigenvalue of the complete graph is −nG(with multiplicity nG − 1) and condition (13) yields q− < −nG < q+. ... 2 is that the Cartesian product of the path of length 2 and a complete graph has smallest eigenvalue 1 p It is known that η (G) ≤ n − 2 if G is a simple graph on n vertices and G is not isomorphic to nK1. In this paper an efficient method is presented for calculating the eigenvalues of regular structural models. Consider the following vectors:. A graph Gwhose Laplacian matrix has integer eigenvalues is called Laplacian integral. Abstract Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of graphs have many applications in structural mechanics and combinatorial optimization. We study the distributions of edges crossed by a cut in G^k across the copies of G in different … We also treat the eigenvalues and energy of the line graphs of signed graphs, and the Laplacian eigenvalues and Laplacian energy in the regular case, with application to the line graphs of signed grids that are Cartesian products and to the line graphs of all-positive and all-negative complete graphs. A graph can be considered to be a homogeneous signed graph; thus signed graphs become a generalization of graphs. The Cartesian product Σ 1 × Σ 2 of two signed graphs Σ 1 = (V 1 , E 1 ,σ 1 ) and Σ 2 = (V 2 , E 2 ,σ 2 ) is a generalization of the Cartesian product of ordinary graphs (see [6, Section 2.5]). Introducing a coupling parameter describing the relative … In summary, a Cartesian product of n graphs is an “ n-dimensional graph” whose each dimension is formed by each factor graph (its definition will be introduced in Section II-C). Explore the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of G Hfor two graphs Gand H. In particular, consider Q nwhich is the n-fold cartesian product of P 2. as it has , n. DOI: 10.1016/J.LAA.2010.10.026 Corpus ID: 119584545; On products and line graphs of signed graphs, their eigenvalues and energy @article{Germina2010OnPA, title={On products and line graphs of signed graphs, their eigenvalues and energy}, author={K. Augustine Germina and K ShahulHameed and Thomas Zaslavsky}, journal={Linear Algebra … The characteristic polynomial of the adjacency matrix is ( x − 3) ( x 2 + x + 2) 3.
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